Compliance of Spectacle Wear Among School Going Children in District Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Ishtiaq Anwar,
Saman Waqar,
Anam Altaf
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, February 2017
Pages:
1-4
Received:
21 December 2016
Accepted:
5 January 2017
Published:
29 January 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijovs.20170201.11
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Abstract: Compliance of spectacles is associated with improvement in visual function.To study compliance of spectacles and determine the reasons of non compliance among school going children in District Rawalpindi.This was a cross-sectional study of 441 students who had been prescribed spectacles for constant wear during school screening program done by Al-Shifa trust. After 6-8 months a follow up visit was conducted for assessing the compliance of spectacles. Information on age, gender, school system, type of refractive error etc was collected and analyzed to associate with compliance of spectacles.The non compliance rate in school going children of Rawalpindi District was 59%.A significant higher proportion of boys (20.7%) were wearing spectacles than girls (20.5%) (P<0.05). Compliance of spectacles were positively associated with age (P=0.000), type of refractive error (P=0.008), father education (P=0.000), mothers occupation (P=0.000) and fathers occupation (P=0.000)(C.I=95%). The reasons of non compliance include broken (16%), forgot at home (13%), lost (9%), peer pressure (19%), don’t like spectacles (28%) and poor financial conditions (15%). The compliance rate was found to be 41%. The school screening services should include follow up visits to ensure compliance of spectacles. Counseling of parents, teachers, students and providing spectacles free of cost will be an effective step towards improvement of compliance.
Abstract: Compliance of spectacles is associated with improvement in visual function.To study compliance of spectacles and determine the reasons of non compliance among school going children in District Rawalpindi.This was a cross-sectional study of 441 students who had been prescribed spectacles for constant wear during school screening program done by Al-S...
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A Combined Clinical and Langmuir Film Study of Natural Tear Films
Ester Guaus,
Carla Fàbregas,
Miriam Pérez,
Juan Torrent-Burgués
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, February 2017
Pages:
5-14
Received:
2 February 2017
Accepted:
23 February 2017
Published:
9 March 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijovs.20170201.13
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Abstract: The Langmuir technique has been applied to the study of natural tears and the results obtained from surface pressure-area isotherms have been correlated with those of clinical tests (the Schirmer and the TFBUT tests). The population studied only included people aged over 45. Natural tears were collected from Schirmer strips, which were placed in contact with the water subphase of a Langmuir trough for recording the surface pressure-area isotherms. These isotherms have been classified as good or weak according to the characteristics obtained. From the isotherms, characteristic values such as πlimit, CS-1max and πmax were also obtained. The analysis from the Chi-squared test indicates dependence between the Schirmer test and the type of isotherms (P<0.05). In the case of the TFBUT test and the type of isotherms the value of P>0.05 indicates that the independence cannot be discarded with the significance criteria imposed. Working with the same criteria of significance, we obtain moderate or good Pearson correlation coefficients with statistical significance (P<0.05) between the values of the Schirmer test and the πlimit, CS-1max and πmax values. On the other hand, we obtain low Pearson correlation coefficients with no statistical significance (P>0.05) between the values of the TFBUT test and the πlimit, CS-1max and πmax values.
Abstract: The Langmuir technique has been applied to the study of natural tears and the results obtained from surface pressure-area isotherms have been correlated with those of clinical tests (the Schirmer and the TFBUT tests). The population studied only included people aged over 45. Natural tears were collected from Schirmer strips, which were placed in co...
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Sensitivity of Redox Cycle Enzymes in Substantiating the Pathophysiology of Cataract
Syed Parween Ali,
Mohammed Abdul Rasheed,
Mohammed Amanullah
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, February 2017
Pages:
15-21
Received:
2 February 2017
Accepted:
27 February 2017
Published:
15 March 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijovs.20170201.14
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Abstract: Oxidative modifications play major role in the formation of cataract. Lens contains several protective mechanisms against oxidizing agents viz. catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and ascorbic acid. To explore the oxidative damage that might be occurring with 'Invitro' development of cataracts induced by sugars, H2O2 and steroids. We examined redox status of cataractous lenses by analysing enzymatic defence meachanisms. Lenses were exposed to glucose (50 mM) (Group – I); galactose (35 mM) (Group – II) and xylose (30 mM) (Group – III) and maintained at 37°C for 72 hours so as to induce sugar cataract. H2O2 cataract was produced by adding 50 mM (Group – IV) and 100 mM (Group – V), solution to culture media (AAH). Steroid cataract was generated by adding a freshly prepared l x 10-4 M dexamethasone (mw 392.5) (Group – VI) in absolute alcohol to the culture media (AAH) and incubated at 37°C for 72 hours. Subsequent to the development of the cataract, the lenses were homogenized and the specific activity of the enzymes catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase was assessed. Catalase activity did not show any significant decrease in sugar cataract and steroid cataract but a significant decrease was observed in H2O2 cataract. However a significant decrease in GSH-Px and GSH-Rx were found in all the three types of experimental cataract as compared to control lenses.
Abstract: Oxidative modifications play major role in the formation of cataract. Lens contains several protective mechanisms against oxidizing agents viz. catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and ascorbic acid. To explore the oxidative damage that might be occurring with 'Invitro' development of cataracts induced by s...
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