Prevalence of Myopia and Associated Risk Factors Among Primary Students in the Period of Online Study During COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study in Guangzhou
Fangyuan Chen,
Xiaojuan He,
Junjie Tang,
Yuanting Yang,
Monzer Fatfat,
Jian Chen,
Qing Zhou
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 4, December 2020
Pages:
84-89
Received:
17 October 2020
Accepted:
27 October 2020
Published:
4 November 2020
Abstract: Introduction: To investigates the impact of online study during COVID-19 on myopia in Chinese primary school students and to further analyze the influencing factors of myopia, so as to provide theoretical basis for prevention and control of myopia. Objectives: Cross-sectional study. A total of 905 primary school students from grade 1-6 in Guangzhou city were included in the study. Data were collected from uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), non-cycloplegic photo refraction and an online questionnaire. Myopia was defined as visual acuity < 1.0 or spherical equivalent (SE) of ≤ − 0.50 diopters (D) in either eye. Chi-square and binary logistic regression analysis were applied to investigate the prevalence of myopia for different groups and potential risk factors on myopia. Results: A total of 905 students were evaluated. The mean (standard deviation) age was 9.7(±1.82) years. 699 students were identified to have myopic refractive error making the prevalence of 77.2% ([95% confidence interval (CI): 75.5%–80.0%]; myopia prevalence significantly increased with grade level, from 61.9% (95% CI: 54.0%–69.8%) at grade 1 to 84.0% (95% CI: 80.5%–90.1%) at grade 6. Low myopia (-3.0 D≤ SE ≤ -0.50 D) was account for 83.5% (95% CI: 80.3%–86.3%) among the myopia group, with the mean (standard deviation) SE (-1.32±0.66) D. Compared with children without myopia, the dry symptoms were more serious in myopic students (81.8% vs. 25.2%, χ2 = 5.811, P = 0.016). Moreover, myopia prevalence significantly differences among different exposure natural light level (χ2 = 8.382, P = 0.039). Binary logistic regression analysis showed children who spent more time on online-study or had higher grade level had a higher risk of myopia (OR: 1.147, 95% CI: 1.044–1.259; OR: 1.147, 95% CI: 1.044-1.259). Conclusions: The prevalence of myopia in primary school students from grade 1 to grade 6 in Guangzhou city is higher than previous study conducted in Guangzhou after the online-study during COVID-19. Myopia was significantly positively associated with higher grade, spending a less time outdoors; notably, playing with electronics had the greatest influence on the risk of myopia.
Abstract: Introduction: To investigates the impact of online study during COVID-19 on myopia in Chinese primary school students and to further analyze the influencing factors of myopia, so as to provide theoretical basis for prevention and control of myopia. Objectives: Cross-sectional study. A total of 905 primary school students from grade 1-6 in Guangzhou...
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Unmet Needs in the Management of Neovascular Age- Related Macular Degeneration (nAMD): Clinician’s Perspective
Nishikant Borse,
Rahul Surti,
Nitin Maksane,
Maulik Bhavsar,
Manan Thaker
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 4, December 2020
Pages:
90-100
Received:
27 September 2020
Accepted:
16 October 2020
Published:
11 November 2020
Abstract: Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is the leading cause of severe vision loss and blindness across the globe. Aging is one of the main risk factors that can be attributed to development and progress of nAMD. This review article focuses on the various nAMD associated challenges that clinicians face with respect to its diagnosis, treatment and follow up. Challenges associated with diagnosis of nAMD include delayed diagnosis and challenges related to Optical Coherence topography (OCT) imaging. Even though anti-VEGFs are the mainstay of treatment and are effective in maintaining or improving vision, treating nAMD comes with its own set of burdens from the clinician’s perspective. Clinicians are faced with the choice of different types of anti-VEGFs, treatment regimens and the chronic, variable and unpredictable nature of nAMD all of which can have a major impact on treatment outcomes. Monitoring associated with treatment is also a major burden. Newer anti-VEGFs which have a longer, sustained action may help decrease this burden. Other challenges include stressed out clinic capacities, lack of equipment and trained personnel. The aim of this review article is to highlight the challenges attributed to the diagnosis and management of nAMD from a clinician’s perspective, especially important in developing countries like India which face a combination of high disease burden, lack of disease awareness, lack of facilities, equipment and personnel. Together, they can have a disastrous effect, impacting vision of the aging population. There is a dearth of India-specific data on the various challenges of diagnosis and treatment of nAMD. Such data can act as a building block upon which strategic steps can be developed and implemented which in turn may help save the vision of the huge Indian population who are afflicted by nAMD.
Abstract: Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is the leading cause of severe vision loss and blindness across the globe. Aging is one of the main risk factors that can be attributed to development and progress of nAMD. This review article focuses on the various nAMD associated challenges that clinicians face with respect to its diagnosis, tre...
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Papillophlebitis with Uveitis in MPO ANCA Associated Pregnancy
Deepesh Arora,
Kanika Gupta,
Surabhi Verma,
Dinesh Sharma
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 4, December 2020
Pages:
101-105
Received:
22 November 2020
Accepted:
14 December 2020
Published:
22 December 2020
Abstract: Purpose: We aim to describe first case of papillophlebitis with uveitis and vasculitis in perinuclear-anti-neutrophilic-cytoplasmic antibody myeloperoxidase (p-ANCA-MPO) positive term pregnancy reported in INDIA and to underline the importance of disease which should be better known among ophthalmologist. Methods: A 32 years old women visited our outpatient with unilateral defective vision, running nose, multiple joint ache in 3rd trimester pregnancy. Slit lamp examination revealed unilateral non-granulomatous uveitis, papillophlebitis with vasculitis. She had a positive nasal necrotizing lesion confirmed on biopsy by pathologist and p-ANCA-MPO serology positive. In view of above she was referred to rheumatologist. Results: She was diagnosed with Wegener’s granulomatosis (WG) and advised immunosuppresive therapy. She was started on 15mgm/kg/pulse of cyclophosphamide as induction therapy along with steroids and azathioprine 50mgm which were continued for a year postpartum. Anterior uveitis was treated with topical steroids with good effect. The side effects were transitory cushingoid change in mother and growth retardation in the infant. Conclusion: Pappilophlebitis, uveitis and vasulitis may be so mild that they may not cause troubling symptoms and hence in case of term pregnancy with Wegeners granulomatosis as an underlying disease it is commonly underdiagnosed. Great co-operation between ophthalmologist and immunologist is extremely crucial for early diagnosis and initiation of therapy. WG tends to be a multi-organ disease with high rate of recurrences and relapses requiring constant follow up. Early diagnosis would introduce immunosuppressive therapy safeguarding the outcome of pregnancy and lives of mother and foetus.
Abstract: Purpose: We aim to describe first case of papillophlebitis with uveitis and vasculitis in perinuclear-anti-neutrophilic-cytoplasmic antibody myeloperoxidase (p-ANCA-MPO) positive term pregnancy reported in INDIA and to underline the importance of disease which should be better known among ophthalmologist. Methods: A 32 years old women visited our o...
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